Akroleina (propenal, CH2=CHCHO) is the simplest unsaturated aldehyde and is a highly reactive, volatile liquid with irritant and toxic properties. It is produced industrially from glycerol and can form during the thermal decomposition of fats and oils, as well as in cigarette smoke, where it contributes to harmful health effects. Key points

• Chemical identity and structure: Akroleina is an aldehyde with a vinyl group, giving it the formula CH2=CHCHO. It is highly reactive due to the conjugated double bond and aldehyde group. (References describe its identity as an aldehyde and its simple, unsaturated nature.)
• Physical properties: It is a colorless to pale liquid at room temperature, with a pungent odor at higher concentrations and strong lachrymatory (eye-irritating) properties. Its volatility means it readily disperses in air. (Descriptions in chemical safety and encyclopedia sources.)
• Production and sources:
  • Industrial/chemical context: It can be produced from glycerol and is a key precursor in polymerization to polyacrolein under certain conditions. (Industrial chemical literature and safety databases.)
  • Biological/environmental context: It is formed in processes such as the thermal oxidation/dehydration of fats and oils, and notably appears in cigarette smoke as a decomposition product of glycerol-containing lipids. (Safety and toxicology sources.)
• Toxicology and health effects:
  • Akroleina is a reactive electrophile that can modify DNA and proteins, contributing to mutagenic and carcinogenic processes in several models. It is strongly irritant to mucous membranes, eyes, and the respiratory tract. Chronic exposure or inhalation at elevated levels can pose significant health risks. (Toxicology summaries and risk assessments.)
  • It has been linked to potential roles in bladder and lung carcinogenesis in some studies, though classifications may vary among authorities. (Research reviews and hazard assessments.)
• Safety and handling:
  • Due to its high reactivity and toxicity, akroleina requires careful handling, appropriate containment, and use of protective equipment in any laboratory settings. It is typically stored and used under strict controls to prevent exposure and polymerization.

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