Judaism has profoundly influenced Western culture primarily through its relationship with Christianity, which inherited key religious texts and ethical teachings from Judaism. The Old Testament, originally the Hebrew Bible, was integrated into the Christian Bible, deeply shaping Western religious thought, ethics, and law. Ideas about monotheism, human dignity, social justice, and moral law from Jewish tradition have been fundamental in shaping Western civilization's values and legal systems. Jewish intellectual contributions also helped transmit important knowledge from the Islamic world to Christian Europe and influenced religious reforms and critical theological discussions during the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Moreover, Jewish ideas about human rights, liberty, and the intrinsic value of every individual laid groundwork for modern Western concepts of freedom and equality. While the direct cultural impact of Judaism changed over time—especially after Jewish emancipation in the modern era—its foundational role in ethics, law, and religious tradition remains a cornerstone of Western cultural and intellectual life.