Learners acquire knowledge primarily by connecting new information with what they already know, forming and refining complex mental models stored in long- term memory. Learning is essentially a change in long-term memory, where students identify relationships and integrate new knowledge with existing concepts

. Learning is most effective when:

• New information is presented in manageable amounts to avoid overloading working memory, which has limited capacity

• Instruction is delivered by someone with expert knowledge who can guide, provide feedback, and offer opportunities for practice

• Learners actively engage with the material through interaction, discussion, problem-solving, and hands-on activities

• Teaching methods align with learners' preferred styles, such as visual, auditory, kinesthetic, or reading/writing, as well as other styles like logical-analytical, social, solitary, or nature-based learning

Cognitive theories, such as the Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning, emphasize that people learn better from words combined with pictures than from words alone, but the information must be presented thoughtfully to avoid cognitive overload

. In summary, learners learn best by actively connecting new knowledge to prior knowledge, processing information in manageable chunks, engaging in social and interactive learning environments, and through teaching tailored to their individual learning preferences and cognitive capacities