To become a cardinal in the Catholic Church, the process is primarily based on papal appointment rather than a fixed path, but generally involves these key steps:
Basic Requirements and Background
- A cardinal must be at least a priest, though historically some laymen were made cardinals
- Most cardinals today are bishops or archbishops, often leading significant dioceses or holding important positions in the Roman Curia (the Church's central administration)
- They are expected to be outstanding in doctrine, morals, piety, and prudence in action
Typical Progression
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Become a Priest
This involves theological education, ordination, and service in the Church. -
Become a Bishop or Archbishop
While not absolutely required, most cardinals are bishops or archbishops. Episcopal consecration is generally required before becoming a cardinal, though exceptions exist, especially for those over 80 years old
- Distinguished Service and Reputation
Candidates usually have a notable record of leadership, theological knowledge, and moral standing within the Church
Appointment as Cardinal
- The pope alone chooses who becomes a cardinal, with no formal application process; the choice is based on tradition, the candidate’s merits, and the needs of the Church
- The appointment is made public in a consistory, a formal ceremony where new cardinals are created by the pope
- Cardinals serve for life but lose voting rights in papal conclaves once they turn 80
Summary
The path to becoming a cardinal involves progressing through the priesthood and usually the episcopate, gaining recognition for exemplary service and qualities, and ultimately being appointed by the pope. There are no strict criteria, and the pope exercises full discretion in the selection
. This process reflects both spiritual qualifications and practical leadership roles within the Church's hierarchy.
