Tongue cancer happens when cells on or in the tongue become damaged over time and start growing out of control, usually because of long-term exposure to certain risk factors. You cannot “give yourself” cancer in a guaranteed way, but certain behaviors and conditions make it much more likely.

Main risk factors

• Tobacco in any form (cigarettes, cigars, pipes, chewing tobacco, snuff) is the single biggest risk factor for tongue and other mouth cancers. The risk increases with how much and how long you use it.

• Heavy and frequent alcohol use also raises risk, and combining alcohol with tobacco multiplies the danger far beyond either one alone.

Other causes and contributors

• Infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV), especially in cancers at the base (back) of the tongue, is a known risk factor linked to sexual contact.

• Chronic irritation in the mouth, such as from jagged or broken teeth, ill‑fitting dentures, or ongoing inflammation, may contribute over time.

• Poor oral hygiene, not seeing a dentist regularly, and a diet low in fruits and vegetables are also associated with higher risk.

Personal and medical factors

• Older age (especially over 45) and being male are linked with higher tongue cancer rates, partly because of higher lifetime tobacco and alcohol exposure.

• A weakened immune system, certain genetic tendencies, a family history of head and neck cancers, and prior cancers (like other squamous cell cancers) can all increase risk.

What you can do to lower risk

• Do not smoke or use any tobacco; if you do, getting help to quit is one of the most powerful ways to reduce risk.

• Limit alcohol to low or moderate amounts, or avoid it entirely if possible.

• Practice good oral hygiene, see a dentist regularly, fix sharp teeth/dentures, consider HPV vaccination if appropriate, and eat a diet rich in fruits and vegetables.

If you are worried about your own tongue or notice a sore, lump, white or red patch, or pain that does not go away in 2–3 weeks, it is important to see a dentist or doctor promptly for an exam. Tongue cancer is easier to treat when found early.