Age affects bones in several significant ways, primarily leading to a decline in bone density, strength, and structural integrity over time:

• Bone Density Decline : Bone remodeling is a continuous process where old bone is resorbed by osteoclasts and new bone is formed by osteoblasts. In youth, bone formation outpaces resorption, increasing bone density until about the late 20s or early 30s when peak bone mass is reached. After this peak, especially from the late 30s onward, bone resorption begins to exceed formation, causing a gradual loss of bone density

• Increased Brittleness and Fragility : With aging, bones become more brittle and prone to fractures. This is due to changes in bone composition, including increased mineralization that makes bones stiffer but less tough, and alterations in collagen structure that reduce bone flexibility and resilience

• Structural Changes : The outer shell of bones thins, and the internal trabecular (spongy) bone structure becomes thinner and less connected, weakening the bone's architecture. This contributes to conditions like osteoporosis and increases the risk of fractures, particularly in the hip, spine, and wrist

• Hormonal and Cellular Factors : Age-related hormonal changes, such as decreased estrogen in women after menopause and gradual testosterone decline in men, accelerate bone loss. Cellular changes include reduced osteoblast activity (bone formation), increased osteoclast activity (bone resorption), and impaired bone remodeling balance. Additionally, aging osteocytes lose their ability to sense mechanical stress, further impairing bone maintenance

• Physical and Functional Consequences : These changes lead to decreased height due to spinal compression, increased risk of fractures, pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility. Osteoporosis becomes more common, especially in older adults, increasing fracture risk from minor falls or bumps

• Prevention and Mitigation : Maintaining a healthy lifestyle with adequate calcium and vitamin D intake, regular weight-bearing and strengthening exercises, and avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol can help slow bone loss and maintain bone strength with age

In summary, aging causes bones to lose density, become more brittle, and structurally weaker due to imbalances in bone remodeling, hormonal changes, and alterations in bone composition, increasing the risk of fractures and osteoporosis