The ocean affects the climate of nearby mountain ranges primarily through its influence on temperature, humidity, and precipitation patterns.

• Temperature moderation: Oceans heat and cool more slowly than land, so coastal and nearby mountain regions experience more moderate temperatures, with cooler summers and warmer winters compared to inland areas. This moderation reduces temperature extremes in mountain climates close to the ocean

• Humidity and precipitation: Warm ocean air evaporates water, increasing humidity. When moist ocean air is forced to rise over mountain ranges, it cools, causing water vapor to condense and precipitate on the windward side of the mountains. This results in wetter climates on the side facing the ocean. The leeward side, in contrast, often experiences a rain shadow effect, leading to drier conditions

• Wind patterns and orographic effects: Mountains interact with prevailing winds that carry moist ocean air, influencing local climate by blocking or channeling air masses. This can create distinct microclimates on different sides of the mountains. For example, the Rocky Mountains and Andes block moisture transport, affecting regional ocean salinity and climate patterns

• Climate variability and elevation: Mountain climates show systematic changes with elevation, including temperature decreases and variations in precipitation. Proximity to the ocean can enhance moisture availability, influencing the formation of wet belts at certain elevations, as seen in mountains like Kilimanjaro

In summary, oceans moderate temperatures, supply moisture that leads to increased precipitation on windward mountain slopes, and shape wind and weather patterns that define the distinct climate zones of nearby mountain ranges. The combined effects create wetter, milder climates on the ocean- facing sides and drier, more continental climates on the leeward sides