Snipers can effectively shoot targets at varying distances depending on their rifle, ammunition, and skill, with typical effective ranges between 600 and 1,200 meters for most military sniper rifles. Common calibers like 7.62×51mm NATO have effective ranges up to about 1,000 meters, while larger calibers such as the .338 Lapua Magnum can reach 1,200 to 1,500 meters, and heavy anti- materiel rounds like 12.7×99mm NATO can extend this to 1,500 to 2,000 meters or more

. In practice, most sniper kills occur within 300 to 600 meters, with shots beyond 800 to 1,000 meters being less common and more challenging

. However, extraordinary long-distance shots have been recorded well beyond typical ranges. The longest confirmed sniper kill was made by a Canadian special forces sniper at 3,540 meters (about 2.2 miles), and more recently, a Ukrainian sniper set a record with a kill at 3,800 meters (about 2.36 miles)

. Extreme long-range shots, such as those beyond 2,000 meters, require significant calculation and adjustment for factors like wind, bullet drop, atmospheric conditions, and even the Earth's rotation. Such shots are rare and technically demanding, often pushing the limits of the sniper's weapon system and skill

. In summary:

• Typical effective sniper rifle range: 600–1,200 meters
• Common sniper kill range: 300–600 meters
• Extreme confirmed kills: 3,500+ meters (over 2 miles)
• Long-range shots require advanced ballistic calculations and conditions