Black soil and laterite soil differ primarily in their formation, fertility, texture, moisture retention, and mineral content. Black Soil:

• Known as Regur or Cotton soil, formed from volcanic lava rocks (Deccan Trap).
• Highly fertile with abundant calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash, and lime.
• Clayey texture, sticky when wet, develops deep cracks when dry.
• High moisture retention, good for cotton cultivation.
• Found mainly in the Deccan Plateau regions of Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, etc.
• Rich in iron, lime, calcium, potassium, magnesium; deficient in nitrogen and phosphorus.

Laterite Soil:

• Formed due to leaching in heavy rainfall tropical areas.
• Less fertile; primarily supports grass growth.
• Crystalline texture, does not crack or become sticky.
• Low moisture retention.
• High in iron oxide and aluminum; lacks lime, phosphorus, nitrogen, soda, and potash.
• Found mainly in the eastern parts of Peninsular India and some hilly areas.

In summary, black soil is fertile with high moisture retention and clay content, suitable for cotton and other crops, while laterite soil is less fertile, dryer, and more acidic with more iron and aluminum oxides and poor nutrient content. This contrast impacts the agricultural use and vegetation supported by each soil type.