Diabetes is treated with a combination of lifestyle changes, monitoring, and medicines tailored to the type and individual needs. Treatments aim to control blood glucose, reduce cardiovascular risk, and manage any related conditions.

Key approaches

• Daily self-management
  • Regular monitoring of blood glucose (and sometimes ketone levels).
  • Adopting a balanced eating plan and consistent meal timing.
  • Engaging in regular physical activity most days of the week.
  • Maintaining a healthy weight and managing blood pressure and cholesterol.
• Medications by type
  • Type 1 diabetes: Insulin therapy is required because the body no longer produces insulin. This can be via injections or an insulin pump. Regular glucose checks and carb counting are essential.
  • Type 2 diabetes: Treatment often starts with lifestyle changes and a first-line medication such as metformin. Depending on blood glucose levels and other health factors, additional oral agents (e.g., DPP-4 inhibitors, SGLT2 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, sulfonylureas) or injectable medications (including insulin) may be added. Some people may require insulin earlier in the disease course if glucose remains above target despite other therapies.
  • Gestational diabetes: Monitor glucose and follow a treatment plan similar to type 2 diabetes, with emphasis on diet, exercise, and sometimes insulin if needed.
• Special considerations
  • Cardiovascular, kidney, and eye health: Certain medications (notably some SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists) may provide cardiovascular or kidney benefits.
  • Hypoglycemia prevention: Medication choices and dosing are adjusted to minimize low blood sugar, especially with insulin or insulin secretagogues.
  • Technology aids: Blood glucose meters, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems, and insulin pumps can improve control and quality of life.

For different situations

• If newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes: Start with lifestyle changes and metformin (if not contraindicated). Your clinician may add another medication or insulin based on your blood sugar targets and overall health.
• If you have type 1 diabetes: Insulin is essential; treatment includes multiple daily injections or a pump, with regular monitoring and education on diet and activity.
• If you’re pregnant or planning pregnancy: Diabetes management is adjusted carefully, often with insulin and close medical supervision.

When to seek care

• If you notice persistent high blood glucose readings or symptoms like increased thirst, urination, or weight loss.
• If you experience signs of hypoglycemia (shakiness, sweating, confusion) or have trouble managing glucose despite your current plan.
• If you have concerns about medications, side effects, or access to supplies such as insulin or CGMs.

If you’d like, share your type of diabetes, current treatment, and goals, and a more personalized overview can be provided.