The estimated number of Javan rhinos left in the wild is around 70 to 76 individuals, all confined to Ujung Kulon National Park in Java, Indonesia. This population estimate comes from multiple conservation sources as of 2021–2025, with figures commonly cited near 76 individuals

. However, some recent reports suggest the population may be declining due to poaching and other threats, and the exact number is uncertain because official counts sometimes include rhinos not recently observed, and some known individuals have died since 2019

. The Javan rhino is critically endangered, and the entire species survives in this single protected area, making it highly vulnerable to poaching, disease, natural disasters, and genetic bottlenecking due to the small population size

. Conservation efforts continue, but the species remains one of the rarest large mammals on Earth.