In English grammar, there are eight parts of speech. These are the basic categories of words based on their function in a sentence:

1. Noun – Names a person, place, thing, or idea (e.g., cat, city, happiness).
2. Pronoun – Replaces a noun (e.g., he, she, it, they).
3. Verb – Expresses an action or state of being (e.g., run, is, seem).
4. Adjective – Describes or modifies a noun or pronoun (e.g., blue, tall, happy).
5. Adverb – Modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb (e.g., quickly, very, well).
6. Preposition – Shows the relationship between a noun (or pronoun) and other words (e.g., in, on, at, by).
7. Conjunction – Connects words, phrases, or clauses (e.g., and, but, because).
8. Interjection – Expresses strong emotion or surprise (e.g., oh!, wow!, ouch!).

These parts of speech form the foundation of English sentence structure and help us understand how words function together.