Jack-o’-lanterns were originally carved from root vegetables, most commonly turnips (also called swedes/rutabagas in some places) or mangelwurzel, rather than pumpkins. The pumpkin-based version became popular later, especially in the United States, as Irish and other Celtic traditions merged with local farming practices.

Key points:

• Early lanterns: carved hollowed root vegetables such as turnips, mangelwurzel, or rutabaga, illuminated with candles inside.

• Why turnips: turnips were more common in Europe where these practices originated, particularly in Ireland, Scotland, and England.

• Pumpkin rise: pumpkins are native to North America and became the favored carving fruit in the American adaptation of the tradition during the 19th–20th centuries, replacing turnips in many places.