Skin lightening products are used to reduce hyperpigmentation, dark spots, melasma, age spots, or birthmarks so that the skin tone is even in color. There are many natural and pharmaceutical ingredients used in skin lightening products. Some of the most commonly used ingredients are:

• Hydroquinone: This is the most widely used ingredient in skin lighteners sold in the U.S. It works by decreasing the number of melanocytes in the skin. However, it can cause skin irritation and allergic reactions.

• Kojic Acid: This is an all-natural lightening and brightening skincare active that works by making an enzyme necessary for melanin production unavailable.

• Vitamin C: This is another natural skin lightening active that can rival even the most effective skin brighteners. It works by inhibiting skin’s tyrosinase enzymes.

• Alpha-Arbutin: This is made by Mother Nature and found in the leaves of the bearberry plant. It works by inhibiting skin’s tyrosinase enzymes.

• Niacinamide: This is a potent ingredient that can help reduce hyperpigmentation and improve skin texture.

• Retinoids: These come from vitamin A and can help reduce hyperpigmentation and improve skin texture.

• Licorice Extract: This can help reduce hyperpigmentation and has anti-inflammatory properties.

• Azelaic Acid: This can help reduce hyperpigmentation and has antibacterial properties.

• Tranexamic Acid: This can help reduce hyperpigmentation and has anti-inflammatory properties.

Skin lightening products do come with some risks, and some ingredients can cause skin irritation or allergic reactions. The use of mercury as an ingredient in skin lighteners is banned in the U.S. However, some skin lighteners produced outside the U.S. may still contain mercury. It is important to read the label and know the facts before buying and applying a skin lightener. It is also important to talk to a doctor before using a skin lightener and ask for special precautions.