The Bolsheviks were not predominantly Jewish, although some prominent Bolshevik leaders were of Jewish origin. According to historical analyses and party census data from the 1920s, Jews made up a minority of the Bolshevik leadership and party membership, around 5-20%, rather than the exaggerated claims of a majority or overwhelming dominance. Key figures like Lenin were not Jewish (Lenin was mostly Russian with some Jewish ancestry through his maternal grandfather), and Stalin was Georgian, not Jewish. Jewish individuals such as Leon Trotsky (born Lev Bronstein) played significant roles in the Bolshevik movement, but he personally rejected his Jewish identity. The prominence of some Jews in Bolshevik leadership contributed to antisemitic myths of "Judeo-Bolshevism," which are now broadly discredited as exaggerations or conspiracy theories. In summary, the Bolshevik leadership was ethnically mixed with some Jewish representation but not predominantly Jewish, contrary to anti-Semitic propaganda claims. The movement included many ethnic Russians and others from various backgrounds dedicated to communist ideology rather than ethnic identity.