Abiotic factors are the non-living chemical and physical components of the environment that influence living organisms and ecosystem functions. They include physical conditions and non-living resources that affect growth, maintenance, and reproduction of organisms

. Key abiotic factors include:

• Water availability and quality
• Light intensity and solar energy
• Temperature
• Soil properties (pH, moisture, nutrients, texture)
• Atmospheric conditions such as oxygen concentration, humidity, and pressure
• Chemical factors like salinity, acidity (pH), and presence of minerals or toxins
• Physical factors such as altitude, tides, wind, and currents

These factors determine where organisms can live, their distribution, and their adaptations. For example, temperature ranges limit species survival, and water availability influences the types of plants and animals in an area. Abiotic factors also interact with biotic factors (living components) to shape ecosystems

. In summary, abiotic factors are all the non-living environmental elements- such as water, light, temperature, soil, and chemical conditions-that affect the living organisms within an ecosystem.