Inherent powers are powers that a state officer or entity purports to hold under a general vesting of authority, even though they are neither enumerated nor implied). In the United States, the President, Congress, and courts are recognized to have inherent powers. The theory of inherent powers of the President derives from the loosely worded statements in the Constitution that "the executive Power shall be vested in a President" and the president should "take care that the laws be faithfully executed"). Under this theory, the authority of the president extends to all decisions and acts of the United States as a sovereign state that are not exclusively vested elsewhere). Congress also has inherent powers that are not explicitly specified in the Constitution. Courts in the United States are recognized to have inherent powers to ensure the proper disposition of cases before them). These include the powers to punish contempt, to investigate and redress suspected frauds on the court, to bar a disruptive person from the courtroom, to transfer a case to a more appropriate venue (forum non conveniens), and to dismiss a case when the plaintiff or prosecutor fails to pursue it).