Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a class of medications widely used to reduce pain, inflammation, and fever. They work by inhibiting enzymes called cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2), which play a key role in producing prostaglandins-chemical messengers involved in inflammation and pain signaling

. NSAIDs are used to treat a variety of conditions, including headaches, muscle strains, arthritis, dental pain, period cramps, and other inflammatory or painful conditions. They can also reduce fever and, in some cases, prevent blood clotting

. Common over-the-counter NSAIDs include aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen, while stronger prescription versions are available for more severe symptoms

. NSAIDs come in various forms such as tablets, capsules, creams, gels, injections, and suppositories

. While effective, NSAIDs can cause side effects like stomach ulcers, bleeding, kidney issues, and increased risk of heart problems, mainly because they inhibit COX-1 which protects the stomach lining and supports kidney function

. They are distinct from corticosteroids, another anti-inflammatory drug class, as NSAIDs do not have steroid-related side effects

. In summary, NSAIDs are non-opioid analgesics that relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and lower fever by blocking COX enzymes involved in inflammation and pain pathways