Opioids are a class of drugs that include both illegal drugs and prescription pain relievers. They are derived from, or mimic, natural substances found in the opium poppy plant. Opioids work in the brain to produce a variety of effects, including pain relief and feelings of relaxation and euphoria. Some common prescription opioids include oxycodone, hydrocodone, morphine, and fentanyl.

Opioids bind to and activate opioid receptors on cells located in many areas of the brain, spinal cord, and other organs in the body, especially those involved in feelings of pain and pleasure. When opioids attach to these receptors, they block pain signals sent from the brain to the body and release large amounts of dopamine throughout the body, which can strongly reinforce the act of taking the drug, making the user want to repeat the experience.

Opioid drugs can cause addiction, also known as opioid use disorder (OUD) . Symptoms of opioid use include drowsiness, constipation, euphoria, nausea, vomiting, and slowed breathing. Prescription opioids are used mostly to treat moderate to severe pain, though some opioids can be used to treat coughing and diarrhea.

It is important to note that while opioids can be effective in treating pain, they also have potentially serious risks and side effects. The number of drug overdose deaths involving opioids remains high, and opioid use disorder is a serious public health concern. Medications for opioid use disorders are safe, effective, and save lives. If you or someone you know is struggling with opioid use, it is important to seek help from a healthcare professional or addiction specialist.