Retinoids are a class of chemicals that derive from vitamin A and are used in many dermatological medications and cosmeceuticals due to their positive effect on the skin and its appearance. They offer several possible benefits, such as reducing inflammation, unclogging pores, decreasing the appearance of wrinkles, and regulating the growth of cells on the skin’s surface. Retinoids are available in two forms: topical and oral. Topical retinoids refer to creams, gels, and liquids that people can directly apply to the skin, while oral retinoids include tablets and capsules that a person can take by mouth.

Retinoids are the gold standard when it comes to anti-aging skin care, and they work by binding to retinoic acid receptors, which then act as transcription factors and affect gene expression. They increase the turnover of skin cells, reduce the tendency of cells and keratin debris to clump together and clog up pores, increase collagen production, and decrease discoloration. Retinoids are also helpful for acne because they have a comedolytic effect, meaning that they help to prevent and treat clogged pores.

There are different types of retinoids, including retinol, retinoic acid, adapalene, tretinoin, and more, which work in slightly different ways. Depending on your skin type and concerns, your dermatologist may recommend an over-the-counter retinol cream or prescribe a more potent prescription treatment. Retinol is a form of vitamin A that is added to skin creams, lotions, and serums, and it has anti-aging effects and can help clear acne. Unlike stronger retinoids, like Retin-A (tretinoin), you can buy retinol over the counter in formulas of up to 2 percent.

Some possible positive effects of retinoids include reducing the appearance of wrinkles, unclogging pores, and decreasing discoloration. However, stronger forms of retinoids are likely to cause irritation. Some possible negative effects of retinoids include dryness, redness, and peeling. It is important to use retinoids as directed and to start with a lower concentration to minimize the risk of side effects.