A seizure is a sudden, brief disruption of normal brain activity caused by abnormal, excessive, or synchronous electrical discharges in the brain cells (neurons). This abnormal electrical activity can affect behavior, movements, sensations, awareness, or consciousness

. Seizures vary widely in their symptoms and severity. They may cause:

• Changes in behavior or awareness, such as staring spells or confusion
• Involuntary muscle movements like jerking or twitching
• Loss of consciousness or convulsions (uncontrollable shaking)
• Sensory disturbances or unusual sensations
• Emotional or cognitive changes

Most seizures last from a few seconds up to two minutes, and a seizure lasting longer than five minutes is a medical emergency known as status epilepticus

. Seizures can be caused by many factors including brain injury, infections, metabolic imbalances, or underlying neurological conditions like epilepsy. Epilepsy is diagnosed when a person has two or more unprovoked seizures at least 24 hours apart

. There are two main types of seizures based on where they start in the brain:

• Focal seizures: begin in one area of the brain and may spread
• Generalized seizures: involve both hemispheres of the brain from the onset

Seizures can range from mild and barely noticeable to severe with convulsions and loss of consciousness

. In summary, a seizure is an abnormal electrical event in the brain causing temporary changes in physical and mental functions. Treatment and management depend on the type, cause, and frequency of seizures