The main themes of geography are five key concepts that help in understanding the world and how humans interact with it. These themes are:

1. Location: Refers to the specific position of a place on Earth. It can be described as:
   • Absolute location: The exact coordinates using latitude and longitude.
   • Relative location: The position of a place relative to another place.
2. Place: Describes the unique physical and human characteristics that make a location special, such as climate, landforms, culture, language, and population.
3. Region: Involves grouping areas that share similar traits, whether physical, cultural, or functional, to better understand broader geographic patterns.
4. Movement: Examines how people, goods, ideas, and information travel from one location to another, influencing societies through migration, trade, and communication.
5. Human-Environment Interaction: Focuses on how humans adapt to, modify, and impact their environment, covering both beneficial changes like infrastructure development and harmful effects like pollution.

These themes, established in 1984, provide a framework for geographic study, helping people analyze the complex relationships between places, people, and the environment. They are widely used for geographic education and research to understand the spatial and cultural complexities of the world.