Matter is classified primarily into two broad categories: pure substances and mixtures.

Classification of Matter

1. Pure Substances

• Have a constant composition and uniform properties throughout.
• Composed of only one type of atom or molecule.
• Divided into:
  • Elements : Substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means. Each element consists of one type of atom (e.g., iron, sulfur, oxygen).
  • Compounds : Substances composed of two or more different elements chemically combined in fixed ratios (e.g., water H2OH_2OH2​O, sodium chloride NaClNaClNaCl).

2. Mixtures

• Physical combinations of two or more substances where the components retain their individual properties.
• Components are not chemically bonded and can be separated by physical means.
• Divided into:
  • Homogeneous mixtures (solutions): Uniform composition throughout, and the different components cannot be visually distinguished (e.g., salt dissolved in water).
  • Heterogeneous mixtures : Non-uniform composition, where different components can be visually distinguished (e.g., sand in water, salad).

States of Matter

Matter also exists in different physical states based on molecular arrangement:

• Solids : Definite shape and volume.
• Liquids : Definite volume but take the shape of the container.
• Gases : No definite shape or volume; expand to fill the container.
• Plasma : Ionized gas with charged particles, found naturally in stars.

Additional Classifications

• Matter can also be classified based on electrical and thermal properties into conductors, semiconductors, and insulators.
• Magnetic and non-magnetic materials are another form of classification based on magnetic properties.

This hierarchical classification helps in understanding matter from its most general form to specific types based on composition and properties