The size of an impact crater is influenced by several key factors:

• Size and Mass of the Impactor: Larger and more massive impactors produce larger craters because they release more energy upon impact

• Velocity of the Impactor: Higher impact speeds generate more kinetic energy, resulting in bigger craters. Typical impact velocities can be several kilometers per second

• Angle of Impact: Most craters are circular, but very low-angle impacts (less than 20 degrees) create more elongated craters. Oblique impacts generally produce smaller craters compared to vertical impacts

• Gravity of the Target Body: Smaller planets or moons with lower gravity tend to have smaller craters for the same impact energy because gravity influences the excavation and collapse of the crater

• Composition and Geology of the Target Surface: The physical properties of the surface material (rock type, layering, strength) affect how the energy is absorbed and how the crater forms. Softer or layered targets can produce different crater sizes and shapes compared to hard crystalline rock

• Density and Composition of the Impactor: The density difference between the impactor and the target also affects crater size, with denser impactors generally producing larger craters

In summary, the crater size depends on the impactor's size, velocity, density, and impact angle, as well as the target body's gravity and surface geology