The Indian Constitution contains not only the fundamental principles of governance but also detailed administrative provisions. It is a vast landscape with cultural, linguistic, and geographical diversity. The Indian political system is connected with the threads of history, culture, and the aspirations of its people. The main elements of Indian polity are:

• Lengthiest Written Constitution: The Indian Constitution is the lengthiest written constitution in the world.

• Federal System with Unitary Bias: The Indian Constitution establishes a federal structure of governance with two governments, a division of powers, a written constitution, the supremacy of the Constitution, its rigidity, an independent judiciary, and bicameralism. However, it also includes many unitary features such as a strong center, all India services common to the center and the states, emergency provisions that can transform the Constitution into a unitary one if necessary, appointment of governors by the president on the advice of the center, etc. .

• Parliamentary Form of Government: The Indian Constitution has opted for the parliamentary form of government, which is on the pattern of the British parliamentary system of government. The key characteristics of the parliamentary form of government are the presence of real and nominal executives, majority party rule, collective responsibility of the executive to the legislature, membership of the ministers in the legislature, the leadership of the prime minister or the chief minister, and dissolution of the lower house (Lok Sabha or Assembly) .

• Synthesis of Parliamentary Sovereignty and Judicial Supremacy: The Indian Constitution has a synthesis of parliamentary sovereignty and judicial supremacy. The Constitution is supreme, and all laws and actions of the government must conform to it. The judiciary has the power of judicial review to ensure that the Constitution is upheld.

• Integrated and Independent Judiciary: The Indian Constitution establishes an integrated and independent judiciary. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature and has the power of judicial review.

• Fundamental Rights and Fundamental Duties: The Indian Constitution guarantees fundamental rights to its citizens, such as the right to equality, the right to freedom, the right against exploitation, the right to freedom of religion, cultural and educational rights, and the right to constitutional remedies. It also imposes fundamental duties on its citizens, such as respecting the Constitution, promoting harmony, and safeguarding publ...