The scientific method is a systematic process used to investigate questions and establish knowledge through empirical testing. Although the exact steps can vary slightly depending on the source and context, the core steps generally include the following:
Steps of the Scientific Method
- Make an Observation / Ask a Question
Begin by observing a phenomenon or identifying a problem you want to understand. This leads to formulating a specific, measurable question to investigate
- Gather Background Information / Research
Conduct research to learn what is already known about the topic. This helps refine the question and avoid repeating previous work
- Formulate a Hypothesis
Develop a testable explanation or prediction based on the background research. The hypothesis should be clear and falsifiable
- Make Predictions
Derive specific, testable predictions that logically follow from the hypothesis. These predictions guide the design of experiments or observations
- Design and Perform an Experiment / Test the Hypothesis
Conduct controlled experiments or systematic observations to test the predictions. Control variables to ensure valid results
- Analyze the Data
Examine the collected data using appropriate methods to determine whether they support or refute the hypothesis
- Draw Conclusions
Interpret the results to conclude whether the hypothesis is supported. Summarize findings, discuss significance, and consider future research directions
- Communicate Results
Share findings with the scientific community through reports, publications, presentations, or other means to advance knowledge and allow for verification
- Repeat / Iterate
The process is iterative; based on conclusions, new questions or hypotheses may arise, leading to further experimentation and refinement
This sequence provides a logical framework for scientific inquiry, but in practice, scientists may revisit and revise steps as needed. The method is valued for its objectivity and reproducibility in testing ideas against empirical evidence
