High blood pressure (hypertension) can be caused by a variety of factors, often related to lifestyle, genetics, and underlying health conditions. The causes are generally divided into two types: primary (essential) hypertension and secondary hypertension.

Causes of High Blood Pressure

Primary (Essential) Hypertension

• This is the most common type and develops gradually over many years without a specific identifiable cause.
• Risk factors include:
  • Age: Blood pressure tends to increase with age.
  • Family history: A genetic predisposition can increase risk.
  • Obesity or being overweight: Excess weight causes changes in the body that raise blood pressure.
  • Lack of physical activity: Inactivity can lead to weight gain and higher heart rates.
  • Diet high in sodium (salt) and low in potassium: Excess sodium causes fluid retention, increasing pressure on arteries.
  • Tobacco use: Smoking or chewing tobacco damages blood vessels and raises blood pressure temporarily.
  • Excessive alcohol consumption: Drinking too much alcohol raises blood pressure.
  • Stress: High stress levels can temporarily increase blood pressure and lead to unhealthy habits that worsen it.
  • Race: High blood pressure is more common and often develops earlier in Black people

Secondary Hypertension

• Caused by an underlying medical condition or medication, often appearing suddenly and causing higher blood pressure than primary hypertension.
• Conditions and factors include:
  • Kidney disease
  • Obstructive sleep apnea
  • Thyroid problems (both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism)
  • Adrenal gland tumors
  • Congenital heart defects or blood vessel abnormalities
  • Certain medications such as cough and cold medicines, birth control pills, pain relievers, and some illegal drugs like cocaine and amphetamines

Other Contributing Factors

• Atherosclerosis (buildup of fats and cholesterol in artery walls) can increase blood pressure and is also worsened by hypertension.
• Environmental factors like air pollution may contribute.
• Temporary spikes in blood pressure can be caused by anxiety, caffeine intake, dehydration, pain, or the "white coat effect" (stress during medical visits)

In summary, high blood pressure results from a combination of genetic, lifestyle, and health-related factors that increase the force of blood against artery walls, either gradually or suddenly depending on the cause. Managing risk factors such as diet, exercise, weight, and avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol can help prevent or control hypertension. Medical evaluation is important to identify any underlying conditions causing secondary hypertension.