Asthma is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors that lead to inflammation and narrowing of the airways, resulting in breathing difficulties. The exact cause is complex and not fully understood, but several key factors contribute to its development:

Genetic Factors

• Family history plays a significant role. Having a parent with asthma increases the risk three to six times

• Many genes related to the immune system and inflammation have been linked to asthma, though their effects vary among populations

Environmental Factors and Triggers

• Allergens such as pollen, dust mites, mold, pet dander, and cockroach waste can trigger allergic asthma

• Respiratory infections, especially severe viral infections in childhood, increase the risk of developing asthma

• Exposure to air pollution (including smog, ozone, cigarette smoke, and industrial fumes) raises asthma risk and can worsen symptoms

• Occupational exposure to irritants like wood dust, chemical fumes, and molds can cause or worsen asthma

• Smoking and secondhand smoke exposure, including maternal smoking during pregnancy, are significant risk factors

• Obesity is linked to a higher risk and more severe asthma symptoms, possibly due to low-grade inflammation in the body

• Other triggers that can provoke asthma attacks include strong emotions, exercise, weather changes, and certain medications

Pathophysiology

Asthma involves chronic inflammation of the airways, leading to increased muscle contractility and airway narrowing, which causes wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. This inflammation is typically reversible but can become persistent in some cases

. In summary, asthma arises from a combination of inherited genetic susceptibility and environmental exposures to allergens, irritants, infections, and other factors that inflame and narrow the airways