Birth defects are structural changes present at birth that can affect almost any part or parts of the body. They may affect how the body looks, works, or both, and can vary from mild to severe. Birth defects can occur during any stage of pregnancy, but most occur in the first three months when the organs of the baby are forming. Some birth defects are inherited, while others occur randomly. The exact cause of most birth defects is unknown, but researchers think that most birth defects are caused by a complex mix of factors, which can include genetics, environmental factors, and behaviors. Some factors that may increase the chances of having a baby with a birth defect include:

• Genetics: One or more genes might have a change or mutation that prevents them from working properly.
• Environmental factors: Exposure to certain chemicals, medications, or other agents during pregnancy can increase the risk of birth defects.
• Infections: Women who get certain infections during pregnancy are at higher risk for having a child with birth defects.
• Behaviors: Smoking, drinking alcohol, or taking certain drugs during pregnancy can increase the risk of birth defects.

It is important to note that not all birth defects are preventable, and some occur despite a parents best efforts to avoid risk factors. However, there are steps that can be taken to reduce the risk of birth defects, such as taking folic acid before and during pregnancy, avoiding harmful substances, and getting early and regular prenatal care.