Dandruff is caused primarily by a combination of factors including a dry scalp, excess oiliness, and the presence of a yeast-like fungus called Malassezia that thrives on scalp oils. This fungus can irritate the scalp, causing excess skin cell growth, flakes, and itching. Other causes include infrequent or overly frequent shampooing, sensitivity to hair care products, sun damage, scalp irritation or pressure, diet lacking certain nutrients, and underlying health conditions.

To get rid of dandruff, treatment often includes the use of anti-dandruff shampoos containing active antifungal ingredients like zinc pyrithione, selenium sulfide, ketoconazole, or coal tar to reduce the Malassezia fungus. Washing hair regularly but not excessively with gentle shampoo helps reduce oil and skin cell buildup. Home remedies like tea tree oil, coconut oil, aloe vera, apple cider vinegar, aspirin (for its salicylic acid content), and baking soda may help alleviate symptoms by reducing fungus, moisturizing the scalp, or exfoliating flakes.

Managing stress and avoiding irritating hair products can also help control dandruff. If over-the-counter shampoos and home remedies do not improve the condition after several weeks, consultation with a healthcare professional is recommended.

In summary:

• Causes: fungal yeast Malassezia, oily or dry scalp, shampooing habits, hair products, other irritants.
• Treatments: antifungal shampoos, gentle hair washing, natural remedies (tea tree oil, coconut oil, aloe vera), managing stress.
• Consult a doctor if stubborn or severe.