Vaginal dryness occurs when the tissues in the vagina are dry, thin, and not well-moisturized, leading to discomfort, especially during sex. The vaginal lining is normally lubricated with fluid that helps keep it thick and elastic. Vaginal dryness happens when estrogen levels decrease, which occurs naturally as you age or during menopause. When estrogen levels decline, the skin and tissues of your vulva and vagina become thinner and less elastic, and your vagina can become dry. Certain health conditions or treatments for health conditions can also cause vaginal dryness. Cold and allergy medications and some antidepressants can dry out vaginal tissue, and Sjögren syndrome, an autoimmune condition that can cause a dry mouth and eyes, can also cause vaginal dryness. Vaginal dryness is usually most apparent during sexual penetration. Without enough vaginal lubrication, the friction (or rubbing) during sexual intercourse can cause pain and discomfort.

To prevent vaginal dryness, it is recommended to take time before sex to make sure you’re fully aroused, engage in foreplay with your partner, and try to relax. Using water-based sexual lubricants can also help. Regular sexual activity, whether alone or with a partner, can also help combat vaginal dryness and discomfort. If you experience symptoms of vaginal dryness, such as burning, itching, dryness, intercourse pain, or irritation, you should seek medical advice. A doctor can suggest treatment to help resolve the discomfort it can cause.