Gum disease, also known as periodontal disease, is an infection of the tissues that hold your teeth in place. It is caused by a buildup of plaque on the teeth, which is a sticky film of bacteria that can harden and form tartar. If tartar buildup is not removed, it can lead to gum disease. Poor brushing and flossing habits that allow plaque to build up on the teeth and harden are the primary cause of gum disease. Other factors that can contribute to gum disease include:

• Smoking or chewing tobacco
• Hormonal changes, such as those occurring during pregnancy, puberty, menopause, and monthly menstruation
• Certain medications that lessen the flow of saliva, which has a protective effect on teeth and gums
• Bad habits such as poor oral hygiene, not brushing and flossing on a daily basis
• Poor nutrition, including a low vitamin C level
• Genetics
• Certain illnesses, such as diabetes or AIDS and their medications
• Conditions that lower immunity, such as leukemia, HIV/AIDS, and cancer treatment

Symptoms of gum disease can include swollen, red, and bleeding gums, bad breath, loose teeth, and pain while chewing. If left untreated, gum disease can spread to the bones surrounding the gums, making it painful to chew, and teeth may become loose or need to be removed. The best way to treat gum disease is to practice good oral hygiene, including brushing and flossing daily, and having regular dental check-ups[[4]](https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/gingivitis-periodont...