Liver disease has a variety of possible causes, often interacting with each other. The core contributors typically fall into a few broad categories:
- Infections
- Viral infections such as hepatitis A, B, and C can cause acute or chronic liver inflammation, which may progress to cirrhosis or liver failure if not managed. Other parasites and infections can also affect the liver in specific contexts.
- Alcohol and toxins
- Excessive alcohol use can lead to alcoholic hepatitis, fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, and liver failure over time. Certain drugs and poisons, including acetaminophen overdose and other hepatotoxic substances, can damage liver tissue.
- Metabolic and lifestyle-related factors
- Obesity and insulin resistance can cause nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, which may progress to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis. Type 2 diabetes, high cholesterol, and hypertension are associated conditions that increase risk.
- Genetic and congenital disorders
- Inherited conditions such as hemochromatosis (iron overload), Wilson’s disease (copper buildup), alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, and certain metabolic disorders can damage the liver. These often require specialized management and monitoring.
- Autoimmune and structural issues
- Autoimmune hepatitis and diseases affecting bile ducts or liver structure (e.g., biliary atresia, cholestasis) can contribute to liver dysfunction. Heart-related or vascular liver problems can also play a role in certain contexts.
- Other medical conditions and exposures
- Chronic viral hepatitis, chronic biliary diseases, and liver damage from long-standing drug exposure or obesity-related inflammation are examples of additional risk factors mentioned across reputable sources.
If you’re concerned about liver disease, it’s important to consider risks you may have (alcohol use, viral exposure, metabolic health, family history, and exposure to certain medications or toxins) and discuss with a healthcare professional who can provide targeted testing and guidance.
