Lower back pain in females can be caused by a variety of factors, some of which are unique or more common in women due to anatomical and physiological differences. Key causes include:

• Pregnancy: Over two-thirds of pregnant women experience lower back pain due to changes in posture, hormones, weight gain, and shifts in the center of gravity. Hormonal changes also loosen ligaments supporting the spine, increasing pain risk. Sciatica and labor can also contribute to lower back pain during pregnancy

• Menstrual-related causes: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS), dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation), and premenstrual dysmorphic disorder can cause uterine contractions and inflammation that radiate pain to the lower back

• Endometriosis: This chronic inflammatory condition involves growth of uterine-like tissue outside the uterus, causing pelvic and lower back pain, often chronic. It affects 10-15% of reproductive-aged women and may require hormonal treatment or surgery

• Sacroiliac (SI) joint dysfunction: Women have anatomical differences in the SI joint and pelvis (wider sacrum, different curvature) that increase stress and mobility, leading to instability and pain. Hormonal changes during pregnancy further loosen the SI joint, increasing risk of pain

• Ovarian cysts and adenomyosis: These gynecological conditions can cause pelvic and lower back pain in females

• Muscle strain and spinal conditions: Like in all people, muscle strain, ligament sprains, herniated discs, spinal stenosis, osteoarthritis, scoliosis, and sciatica can cause lower back pain in women

• Posture and lifestyle factors: Poor posture, wearing high heels, carrying heavy purses, and occupational factors can contribute to back pain in women

In summary, lower back pain in females often involves a combination of musculoskeletal issues and female-specific conditions related to reproductive anatomy and hormonal cycles. Treatment varies depending on the cause and may include rest, medications, physical therapy, hormonal treatments, or surgery