Muscle spasms, also known as muscle cramps, are sudden, involuntary, and painful contractions of muscles that can range in intensity from mild twitches to severe pain. They can occur anywhere in the body and can last from seconds to 15 minutes or longer, and may recur multiple times before going away. Some common causes of muscle spasms include:

• Muscle fatigue: Overuse of a muscle or holding a certain position for too long can cause muscular tension and lead to muscle spasms.

• Dehydration: Losing body fluids through sweat or not drinking enough water can cause muscle cramps.

• Electrolyte imbalance: A lack of nutrients such as potassium, calcium, or magnesium can cause leg cramps.

• Exercising in extreme heat: Heat cramps can occur when exercising in extreme heat.

• Stress or anxiety: Stress or anxiety can lead to muscle twitches in the face or spasms in the back.

• Underlying medical conditions: Some medical conditions such as nerve disorders, thyroid-related problems, multiple sclerosis, or cirrhosis of the liver can cause muscle spasms.

Most muscle spasms are harmless and can be treated with self-care measures such as stretching, massage, or muscle relaxants. However, if muscle spasms are frequent, severe, or painful, it is recommended to speak to a doctor to rule out any underlying medical conditions.