Panic attacks are brief episodes of intense anxiety that cause physical sensations of fear, such as a racing heartbeat, shortness of breath, dizziness, trembling, and muscle tension. Panic attacks can occur frequently and unexpectedly and are often not related to any external threat. Panic disorder is a type of anxiety disorder where a person experiences recurring and unexpected panic attacks and persistent fears of repeated attacks.

The exact cause of panic attacks and panic disorder is not known, but there are several factors that may play a role:

• Genetics: Having a first-degree relative such as a parent or sibling who suffers from panic attacks makes it more likely that you will also develop panic attacks at some point in your life.
• Major stress: Stressful life events, such as the death or serious illness of a loved one, a traumatic event, or major changes in your life, can trigger panic attacks.
• Temperament: People with a temperament that is more sensitive to stress or prone to negative emotions may be more likely to experience panic attacks.
• Certain changes in the way parts of your brain function: Dysfunction of the amygdala, the part of your brain that processes fear and other emotions, may be at the root of panic attacks and panic disorder.
• Psychological factors: Chronic stress, low self-esteem, an existing mental health condition such as anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), phobias, and lack of assertiveness can all contribute to panic attacks.
• Pharmacological factors: Alcohol, drugs or medication withdrawal, medication side effects, and excessive caffeine intake can all cause panic attacks.
• Environmental factors: Chronic physical illnesses, exposure to a phobic object or situation, and lack of social support can also contribute to panic attacks.

Panic attacks can be treated with a range of therapies including medications, psychotherapy, and stress management and relaxation techniques. If you experience recurring panic attacks, it is important to seek help from a mental health professional who can help you manage your symptoms and improve your quality of life[[5]](https://www.nimh.nih.gov...