Peptic ulcers are open sores that develop on the lining of the stomach or the upper part of the small intestine (duodenum) . The most common symptom of a peptic ulcer is a burning or gnawing pain in the center of the abdomen, which can be worsened by stomach acid or an empty stomach. The most common causes of peptic ulcers are:

• Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection: H. pylori bacteria commonly live in the mucous layer that covers and protects tissues that line the stomach and small intestine. Often, the H. pylori bacterium causes no problems, but it can cause inflammation of the stomachs inner layer, producing an ulcer.

• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve), can irritate the lining of the stomach and small intestine, leading to the development of ulcers.

Other less common causes of peptic ulcers include:

• Certain viruses, fungi, or bacteria other than H. pylori.
• Medicines that increase the risk of developing ulcers, including corticosteroids, medicines used to treat low bone mass, and some antidepressants, especially when taken with NSAIDs.
• Surgery or medical procedures that affect the stomach or duodenum.
• Diseases that can affect the stomach, such as cancer or Crohn’s disease.
• Injury, blockage, or lack of blood flow that affects the stomach or duodenum.
• Life-threatening health conditions that require critical care.

It is important to note that stress and spicy foods do not cause peptic ulcers. If left untreated, pepti...