Menstrual cramps, also known as dysmenorrhea, are throbbing or cramping pains in the lower abdomen that many women experience just before and during their menstrual periods. Here are some of the causes of period cramps:

• Uterine contractions: During your menstrual period, your uterus contracts to help expel its lining. Hormonelike substances called prostaglandins, which are involved in pain and inflammation, trigger the uterine muscle contractions. Higher levels of prostaglandins are associated with more-severe menstrual cramps.

• Endometriosis: This is a condition where the tissue that lines the uterus grows outside of it, causing pain and discomfort. Endometriosis can cause menstrual cramps.

• Uterine fibroids: These are noncancerous growths in the uterus that can cause pain and discomfort, including menstrual cramps.

• Cervical stenosis: In some women, the opening of the cervix is small enough to impede menstrual flow, causing a painful increase of pressure within the uterus.

• Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): This is an infection of the female reproductive tract that can cause menstrual cramps.

• Premenstrual syndrome (PMS): This is a condition that affects many menstruating women and can cause fatigue, irritability, and menstrual cramps.

• Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD): This is a more severe form of PMS that can cause depression, anxiety, and severe menstrual cramps.

If you have severe or unusual menstrual cramps, or cramping that lasts more than 2 or 3 days, its important to talk to your doctor. They can help determine the cause of your cramps and recommend appropriate treatment options.