Sunburn is caused by overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, primarily from the sun but also from artificial sources like tanning beds and sunlamps

. UV radiation includes UVA and UVB rays; UVB rays directly damage the DNA in skin cells by causing thymine dimers, while UVA rays cause oxidative damage to DNA

. This DNA damage triggers an inflammatory response in the skin tissue, which manifests as redness, pain, swelling, and sometimes blistering

. The process involves damage to the skin cells' RNA and DNA, leading to activation of immune responses and inflammation. Chemicals such as prostanoids, bradykinin, and proteins like CXCL5 increase skin sensitivity and pain by activating nerve fibers

. Melanin, the pigment in skin, absorbs UV light and protects against damage, but people with lighter skin produce less melanin and are more prone to sunburn

. Other factors influencing sunburn risk include:

• Skin type: Fair-skinned individuals burn more easily (Fitzpatrick skin types I and II)

• Age: Children under six and adults over sixty are more sensitive to UV damage

• Genetic conditions affecting DNA repair increase susceptibility

• Environmental factors: Higher altitude, proximity to the equator, and times of day with stronger UV exposure (10 AM to 4 PM) increase risk

• Medications that increase photosensitivity can also raise sunburn risk

In summary, sunburn results from UV radiation causing direct DNA damage and triggering an inflammatory response in the skin, with severity influenced by skin pigmentation, genetics, age, environment, and other factors