Tension headaches are the most common type of headache, and they are often described as feeling like a tight band around the head. The exact cause of tension headaches is not known, but several factors are thought to be involved, such as genetics, environment, and muscle contractions in the head and neck. Stress is the most commonly reported trigger for tension headaches, but other triggers include physical or emotional stress, alcohol use, caffeine, colds, the flu, or a sinus infection, dental problems, eye strain, excessive smoking, fatigue, or overexertion. Any activity that causes the head to be held in one position for a long time without moving can also cause a headache, such as typing or other computer work, fine work with the hands, and using a microscope. Sleeping in a cold room or sleeping with the neck in an abnormal position may also trigger a tension headache.

The symptoms of a tension headache include dull, aching head pain, a tight band or vise on or around the head, pain that is all over (not just in one point or one side), and pain that is worse in the scalp, temples, or back of the neck, and possibly in the shoulders. The pain is usually mild to moderate, but not severe, and it may be accompanied by other symptoms such as feeling very tired, crankiness, trouble focusing, and mild sensitivity to light or noise.

To diagnose a tension headache, healthcare providers mainly rely on the symptoms reported by the patient. A thorough medical exam, which may include other tests or procedures, may be used to rule out underlying diseases or conditions. Treatment for tension headaches often involves a balance between practicing healthy habits, finding effective nonmedicine treatments, and using medicines appropriately. Overall, lifestyle changes and reducing stress response are the best ways to prevent tension headaches. Stress management tools such as exercise, relaxation techniques, and cognitive-behavioral therapy can be helpful.