Tooth sensitivity is usually caused by exposure of the dentin—the layer beneath enamel—or by gum recession that exposes tooth roots. Here are the main factors:
- Enamel wear or erosion
- Brushing too hard or too aggressively
- Consuming acidic foods and drinks (citrus, soda, sports drinks, vinegar-based foods)
- Teeth grinding or clenching, which wears down enamel
- Gum recession
- Gum disease (periodontal disease) or aggressive brushing that wears away gum tissue
- Age-related gum recession or genetic predisposition
- Exposure of dentin from other causes
- Tooth decay, a chipped or cracked tooth, or a loose filling
- Recent dental procedures (bleaching, cleaning, or whitening) that temporarily irritate nerves
- Other contributing factors
- Using tooth whitening products
- Dry mouth, which can increase sensitivity by reducing protective saliva
What to do
- Use a desensitizing toothpaste containing potassium nitrate or stannous fluoride; these substances help reduce nerve sensitivity over time.
- Use a soft-bristled toothbrush and gentle brushing technique; avoid brushing immediately after acidic meals to prevent further enamel wear.
- Limit acidic foods and drinks, and rinse with water after consuming them.
- If grinding, discuss options with a dentist; a night guard or splint can protect enamel.
- Maintain good oral hygiene to prevent gum disease, including regular brushing, flossing, and dental checkups.
- See a dentist if sensitivity is sharp, persistent, or associated with visible decay, a chipped tooth, or a loose filling, as professional treatment may be needed (fluoride varnish, sealants, fillings, gum treatment, or root canal if nerve damage is present).
When to seek urgent care
- If the sensitivity is accompanied by swelling, fever, severe pain, or an injury to the mouth, seek prompt dental or medical attention.
If you’d like, provide details about your symptoms (how long the sensitivity lasts, what triggers it, recent dental work, or signs of gum recession), and a more tailored overview can be offered.
