Urinary tract infections (UTIs) in toddlers are primarily caused by bacteria, most commonly Escherichia coli (E. coli), which normally live in the digestive tract and feces. These bacteria enter the urinary tract through the urethra and begin to multiply, causing infection in the bladder, ureters, or kidneys

. Several factors contribute to UTIs in toddlers:

• Anatomical factors: Girls are more prone to UTIs because their urethra is shorter and closer to the anus, making it easier for bacteria to reach the bladder. Uncircumcised boys under one year old also have a higher risk compared to circumcised boys

• Hygiene practices: Improper wiping after bowel movements (e.g., wiping back to front) can transfer bacteria from the anus to the urethra. Contamination during diaper changes can also introduce bacteria

• Urinary stasis: Holding urine for too long or incomplete bladder emptying increases the risk of infection because bacteria have more time to multiply. This is sometimes linked to dysfunctional elimination syndrome, where children avoid urinating despite the urge

• Other medical conditions: Structural abnormalities in the urinary tract, such as blockages or vesicoureteral reflux (backward flow of urine from the bladder to the kidneys), can predispose toddlers to UTIs

• Constipation: Pressure from constipation can prevent the bladder from emptying fully, increasing infection risk

In summary, UTIs in toddlers are caused by bacteria from the digestive tract entering and multiplying in the urinary system, with risk factors including female anatomy, hygiene habits, urinary retention, and certain urinary tract abnormalities