Brown vaginal discharge usually means the presence of old blood mixed with normal vaginal fluids, which gives it a brownish color due to oxidation of the blood when exposed to air

. This is often normal and can occur for several common reasons:

• End or beginning of a menstrual period: Brown discharge is common just before a period starts or after it ends, as the body clears out old blood from the uterus

• Ovulation spotting: Some people experience light bleeding or spotting mid-cycle during ovulation, which can appear brown

• Implantation bleeding in early pregnancy: Brown discharge may occur when a fertilized egg attaches to the uterine lining, sometimes mistaken for a light period

• Perimenopause: Hormonal changes can cause irregular spotting and brown discharge

• Other benign causes: Such as vaginal irritation or leftover blood from intercourse.

However, brown discharge can also be a sign of medical conditions that require attention, including:

• Infections: Bacterial vaginosis, sexually transmitted infections (like chlamydia, gonorrhea, or trichomoniasis) can cause brown discharge, often accompanied by odor, itching, or pain

• Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): May cause brown, foul-smelling discharge along with pain and irregular bleeding

• Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): Can cause irregular periods and spotting that appears brown

• Retained foreign body: Such as tampons or contraceptive devices left in the vagina can cause brown discharge and infection risk

• Cervical cancer: Though rare, persistent brown discharge with other symptoms like bleeding between periods or after sex should be evaluated

You should see a healthcare provider if your brown discharge is accompanied by symptoms like pelvic pain, foul odor, itching, unusual bleeding, or if it persists or recurs frequently

. In summary, brown discharge usually indicates old blood and is often normal, especially around menstruation or ovulation. But if it comes with other symptoms or unusual patterns, medical evaluation is recommended.