Literacy primarily means the ability to read and write, enabling effective communication and understanding of the world around us

. However, modern definitions of literacy have expanded beyond just reading and writing to include speaking, listening, and engaging with various forms of media and digital content

. Key aspects of literacy include:

• The traditional skills of reading and writing text

• The ability to use printed and written information to function in society, achieve goals, and develop knowledge

• Oral communication skills such as speaking and listening

• Digital literacy, which involves using digital media and technology effectively

• Critical thinking and interpreting information in different contexts, including media, numbers (numeracy), and cultural understanding

UNESCO defines literacy as a continuum of learning and proficiency in reading, writing, and using numbers throughout life, emphasizing its role in communication and participation in society

. Literacy is also seen as a social practice influenced by cultural and contextual factors, not just a discrete skill

. In summary, literacy is the comprehensive ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, and communicate through various forms of language and media, essential for personal development and active participation in society