The Talmud contains several passages that some scholars believe refer to Jesus, though these references are indirect, fragmentary, and sometimes controversial. In the Talmud, Jesus is often called "Yeshu," an Aramaic form of the Hebrew name Yeshua. Key points often cited from the Talmud about Jesus include:
- He is described as a sorcerer who practiced magic and led Israel astray (Sanhedrin 43a).
- He is said to have been executed by hanging on the eve of Passover after being accused of heresy.
- The Talmud includes narratives that Jesus was a disciple who turned to idolatry.
- There are passages that mention Jesus being the son of Mary (Sanhedrin 67a) and also refer to "Jesus son of Pandera/Pantera," sometimes in a healing or magical context.
- The texts include harsh depictions of Jesus in the afterlife, stating that he is punished in boiling excrement (Gittin 56b-57a).
- Some passages refer to Jesus as a false teacher or idolater, with some statements that Mary was immoral (Yebamoth 49b, Sanhedrin 106a-b).
However, these references present chronological inconsistencies and are often considered by scholars to be polemical or parodic responses to Christianity. The historical accuracy and direct connection to the Jesus of the New Testament are debated among scholars, with some seeing these as literary devices rather than literal historical accounts. Overall, the Talmud reflects a hostile and defensive Jewish stance toward Jesus and early Christianity, but it also inadvertently confirms Jesus as a historical figure whose life and actions were significant enough to be discussed indirectly in rabbinic literature.