Forces that opposed communist governments included a wide range of groups and states both domestically and internationally:

• Domestic opposition : Various groups opposed communist governments, including loyalists to previous regimes (e.g., czarists in Russia), liberal and anti-Leninist socialists, nationalists, monarchists, and other political factions that rejected communist ideology

. For example, in Russia, the White movement fought the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War with support from foreign powers

• Foreign states : Allied nations such as Japan, Great Britain, the United States, and France opposed communist governments, often providing material aid or military support to anti-communist forces

. During the Russian Civil War, over 100,000 foreign troops were stationed in Russia to support anti-communist forces

• Political ideologies and movements : Opposition came from conservatives, monarchists, fascists, liberals, social democrats, nationalists, and even some leftist groups like anarchists and socialists who opposed communist rule

. Fascist governments in the 1930s were prominent anti-communist forces

• Anti-communist insurgencies : In Central and Eastern Europe, after World War II, numerous insurgencies fought against communist regimes, including the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, Baltic partisans ("Forest Brothers"), Polish "cursed soldiers," and others. These insurgencies were eventually suppressed by Soviet and satellite state forces

• Cold War context : During the Cold War, the United States and its allies led global anti-communist efforts, including founding NATO as a military alliance against communist expansion and engaging in proxy wars against communist forces in Korea, Vietnam, and Afghanistan

• Other examples : In Asia, Imperial Japan and the Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) opposed communism

. In India, parties committed to Hindu nationalism opposed communist movements, and the government fought Maoist insurgencies

. Saudi Arabia suppressed communist-linked labor movements and promoted anti- communist propaganda

In summary, opposition to communist governments was broad and multifaceted, involving domestic political groups, foreign military interventions, ideological enemies across the political spectrum, and organized insurgencies, often supported by Western powers during the Cold War