To reduce traffic bunching on a motorway, the most effective method is the use of variable speed limits. These speed limits adjust dynamically based on real-time traffic conditions, helping to maintain a steady traffic flow and prevent sudden stops or congestion. By smoothing the speed of vehicles, traffic bunching is minimized, leading to fewer bottlenecks and safer, more predictable driving. This approach is commonly employed on smart motorways, where advanced monitoring systems use cameras and sensors to detect congestion early. The system then lowers speed limits proactively before critical points like junctions or potential bottlenecks, ensuring a more even distribution of traffic. Additionally, smart motorways may open up the hard shoulder as an extra lane during peak times to manage higher traffic volumes effectively. Other contributing factors to reducing traffic bunching include:

• Real-time traffic monitoring to provide up-to-date speed limits and lane usage information.
• Clear driver communication through electronic overhead signs displaying speed limits and lane status.
• Encouraging lane discipline and maintaining safe distances between vehicles.

These combined techniques enhance road safety and promote smoother traffic flow on motorways.