A depressive episode is a period of time characterized by symptoms of major depressive disorder. During a depressive episode, a person experiences a depressed mood, which can include feelings of sadness, emptiness, hopelessness, indifference, anxiety, tearfulness, pessimism, emotional numbness, or irritability. They may also feel a loss of pleasure or interest in activities that they once enjoyed. A depressive episode is different from regular mood fluctuations and lasts most of the day, nearly every day, for at least two weeks. Other symptoms that may be present include poor concentration, feelings of excessive guilt or low self-worth, hopelessness about the future, thoughts about dying or suicide, disrupted sleep, changes in appetite or weight, and feeling very tired or low in energy. Depression can cause difficulties in all aspects of life, including in the community and at home, work, and school. A depressive episode can be categorized as mild, moderate, or severe depending on the number and severity of symptoms, as well as the impact on the individual’s functioning.

Depression results from a complex interaction of social, psychological, and biological factors. People who have gone through adverse life events, such as unemployment, bereavement, or a relationship breakdown, are more likely to experience depression. Other risk factors for a depressive episode include early childhood trauma, family history of a mood disorder, lack of interpersonal relationships, personality traits such as insecurity, worry, stress-sensitivity, obsessiveness, unassertiveness, and dependence, postpartum, and recent negative life events.

It is important to note that depression is not a weakness or a character flaw, and people who experience depression cannot just snap out of it. Effective treatments and supports are available to help individuals start feeling better. If you or someone you know is experiencing a depressive episode, it is important to seek help from a mental health professional or a healthcare provider.