Hemorrhoids, also known as piles, are swollen and inflamed veins located around the anus or in the lower rectum. They are similar to varicose veins. Everyone has hemorrhoids as normal vascular structures that help with stool control, but they become a problem when these veins swell or become distended. There are two types of hemorrhoids:

• Internal hemorrhoids: These occur inside the lower rectum. They are usually painless but may cause bleeding, often noticeable as bright red blood on toilet paper or in the toilet bowl. Sometimes internal hemorrhoids can prolapse, meaning they extend outside the anus, which can cause irritation and discomfort.
• External hemorrhoids: These develop under the skin around the anus and are often more painful and uncomfortable. Blood clots can form inside external hemorrhoids, causing sudden and severe pain. After the clot dissolves, a skin tag may remain, which can itch or cause irritation.

Hemorrhoids are common, especially in adults over age 50, and can be caused or worsened by factors that increase pressure in the veins, such as straining during bowel movements, chronic constipation or diarrhea, sitting on the toilet for long periods, pregnancy, obesity, a low-fiber diet, and lifting heavy objects. Symptoms of hemorrhoids include bleeding during bowel movements, itching, pain, discomfort, and lumps around the anus. Many people experience mild symptoms that resolve without treatment, but there are treatments available if symptoms are troublesome. In summary, hemorrhoids are swollen veins in the anus or lower rectum that can cause pain, itching, and bleeding, varying by whether they are internal or external. They are a very common condition that can often be managed with lifestyle changes and home treatments.