A Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is a virtual machine that enables a computer to run Java programs as well as programs written in other languages that are also compiled to Java bytecode. It is an abstract machine that provides a runtime environment in which Java bytecode can be executed. The JVM has two primary functions: to allow Java programs to run on any device or operating system (known as the "write once, run anywhere" principle), and to manage and optimize program memory

. It is an essential part of the Java Runtime Environment (JRE) and is responsible for converting bytecode to machine-specific code

. The JVM architecture includes components such as classloader, memory area, program counter, and execution engine